Jihad in the Circassian Sultanate (1382–1517): The Phenomenon of Volunteering in the Context of the Mamluk-Ottoman Confrontation

This article examines the development of theory and practice jihad under Circassian Sultanate in Egypt Syria (1382–1517). The aims to trace key aspects concept reveal peculiarities its perception Mamluk state. highlights an essential characteristic period, i.e. interpretation as farḍ al-‘ayn (the personal duty every Muslim). A fertile ground for this paper was given by studies M. Bonner D. Cook, who supplemented a balanced approach from historical perspective with critical consideration religious political meanings. authors emphasise importance difference between understanding collective individual obligation using minimalism maximalism developed Y. Waghid. is based on works Ibn al-Nahhas (d. 1411), outstanding thinker era. responsibility Muslim substantiated basis volunteer movement that unfolded fifteenth century. doctrine concentrated around most important Islamic values embodied concepts “justice” (al-‘adl) “truth” (al-ḥaqq) initially used Mamluks subsequently Ottomans powerful ideological tool manipulating Muslims’ consciousness. relevant because conclusions study are valid not only Middle Ages but directly related present. drawing parallels modern events countries such Afghanistan, Syria, Libya, Yemen, Saudi Arabia.